Formulas

Density is mass per unit volume Density = mass / volume velocity = displacement / time Force = rate of change of momentum Momentum = mass . velocity Power is rate of work done Power = work / time Unit of power is watt Potential energy (P) PE = m.g.h m = mass g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2) h = height Kinetic energy (P) P = (1/2).m.v2 m = mass v = velocity Ohm's law V = I . R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current Electric power (P) = (voltage applied) x (current) P = V . I = I2 . R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current OPTICS Index of refraction n = c/v n - index of refraction c - velocity of light in a vacuum v - velocity of light in the given material Physics formulas for grade 11, grade 12 and under graduates. Density is mass per unit volume Density = mass / volume velocity = displacement / time Force = rate of change of momentum Momentum = mass . velocity Power is rate of work done Power = work / time Unit of power is watt Potential energy (P) PE = m.g.h m = mass g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2) h = height Kinetic energy (P) P = (1/2).m.v2 m = mass v = velocity Gravity (Force due to gravity) Fg : Force of attraction G : Gravitational constant M1 : Mass of first object M2 : Mass of second object Fg = G M1 M2 r2 Acceleration due to gravity at a depth 'd' from earth surface is : gd = g(1-   d  )  R Acceleration due to gravity at height 'h' from earth surface is : h is very much smaller than R gh = g(1-   2h  )  R Escape velocity Escape velocity from a body of mass M and radius r is For example if you want to calculate the escape verlocity of sa object from earth then, M is dmass of earth r is radius of earth OPTICS Index of refraction n = c/v n - index of refraction c - velocity of light in a vacuum v - velocity of light in the given material Under constant acceleration linear motion v = final velocity u = intitial velocity a = acceleration t = time taken to reach velocity v from u s = displacement v = u + a t s = ut + (1/2)a t 2 s = vt - (1/2)a t 2 v2 = u2 + 2 a s Friction force (kinetic friction) When the object is moving then Friction is defined as : Ff = μ Fn where Ff = Friction force, μ= cofficient of friction Fn = Normal force Linear Momentum Momentum = mass x velocity Capillary action The height to which the liquid can be lifted is given by: h =  2γcosθ ρgr γ: liquid-air surface tension(T)(T=energy/area) θ: contact angle ρ: density of liquid g: acceleration due to gravity r: is radius of tube Simple harmonic motion Simple harmonic motion is defined by: d2x/dt2 = - k x Time period of pendulum Waves f = 1 T ω = 2 π T v = f . λ where ω = Angular frequency, T=Time period, v = Speed of wave, λ=wavelength Doppler effect Relationship between observed frequency f and emitted frequency f0: f = f0(  v  ) v + vs where, v=velocity of wave vs=velocity of source. It is positive if source of wave is moving away from observer. It is negative if source of wave is moving towards observer. Resonance of a string frequency = f =  nv 2L where, L: length of the string n = 1, 2, 3... Resonance of a open tube of air(approximate) Approximate frequency = f =  nv 2L where, L: length of the cylinder n = 1, 2, 3... v = speed of sound Resonance of a open tube of air(accurate) frequency = f =  nv 2(L+0.8D) where, L: length of the cylinder n: 1, 2, 3... v: speed of sound d:diameter of the resonance tube Resonance of a closed tube of air(approximate) Approximate frequency = f =  nv 4L where, L: length of the cylinder n = 1, 2, 3... v = speed of sound Resonance of a closed tube of air(accurate) frequency = f =  nv 4(L+0.8D) where, L: length of the cylinder n: 1, 2, 3... v: speed of sound d:diameter of the resonance tube intensity of sound intensity of sound =  Sound Power area intensity of sound in decibel= 10log10  I I0 dB = 10log10  I I0 where I=intensity of interest in Wm-2 I0=intensity of interest in 10-12Wm-2 Bragg's law nλ = 2d sinθ where n = integer (based upon order) λ = wavelength d = distance between the planes θ = angle between the surface and the ray de Broglie equation λ =  h  =  h p mv where p = momentum λ = wavelength h = Planck's constant v = velocity Relation between energy and frequency E = hν where E = Energy h = Planck's constant ν = frequency Davisson and Germer experiment λ =  h     where e = charge of electron m = mass of electron V = potential difference between the plates thru which the electron pass λ = wavelength Centripetal Force (F) F = m v2 = m ω2 r r Circular motion formula v = ω r Centripetal acceleration (a) =  v2 r Torque (it measures how the force acting on the object can rotate the object) Torque is cross product of radius and Force Torque = (Force) X (Moment arm) X sin θ T = F L sin θ whete θ = angle between force and moment arm Forces of gravitation F = G (m1.m2)/r2 where G is constant. G = 6.67E - 11 N m2 / kg2 Stefan-Boltzmann Law The energy radiated by a blackbody radiator per second = P P = AσT4 where, σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.6703 × 10-8 watt/m2K4 Efficiency of Carnot cycle η =  1 -  Tc Th Ideal gas law P V = n R T P = Pressure (Pa i.e. Pascal) V = Volume (m3) n = number of of gas (in moles) R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m3.Pa.K-1mol-1] ) T = Temperatue ( in Kelvin [K]) Boyles law (for ideal gas) P1 V1 = P2V2 T (temperature is constant) Charles law (for ideal gas) V1 = V2 T1 T2 P (pressure is constant) Translational kinetic energy K per gas molecule (average molecular kinetic energy:) K = 3 k T 2 k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant Internal energy of monoatomic gas K = 3 n R T 2 n = number of of gas (in moles) R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m3.Pa.K-1mol-1] ) Root mean square speed of gas V2rms = 3 k T m k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant m = mass of gas Ratio of specific heat (γ) γ = Cp Cv Cp = specific heat capacity of the gas in a constant pressure process Cv = specific heat capacity of the gas in a constant volume process Internal entergy of ideal gas Internal entergy of ideal gas (U) = cv nRT In Adiabatic process no heat is gained or lost by the system. Under adiabetic condition PVγ = Constant TVγ-1 = Constant where γ is ratio of specific heat. γ = Cp Cv Boltzmann constant (k) k = R Na R = gas constant Na = Avogadro's number. Speed of the sound in gas R = gas constant(8.314 J/mol K) T = the absolute temperature M = the molecular weight of the gas (kg/mol) γ = adiabatic constant = cp/cv Capillary action The height to which the liquid can be lifted is given by h=height of the liquid lifted T=surface tension r=radius of capillary tube h=  2T ρrg Resistance of a wire R =  ρL A ρ = rsistivity L = length of the wire A = cross-sectional area of the wire Ohm's law V = I . R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current Electric power (P) = (voltage applied) x (current) P = V . I = I2 . R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current Resistor combination If resistors are in series then equivalent resistance will be Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . . . . + Rn If resistors are in parallel then equivalent resistance will be 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . . . . . + 1/Rn In AC circuit average power is : Pavg = VrmsIrms cosφ where, Pavg = Average Power Vrms = rms value of voltage Irms = rms value of current In AC circuit Instantaneous power is : PInstantaneous = VmIm sinωt sin(ωt-φ) where, PInstantaneous = Instantaneous Power Vm = Instantaneous voltage Im = Instantaneous current Capacitors Q = C.V where Q = charge on the capacitor C = capacitance of the capacitor V = voltage applied to the capacitor Total capacitance (Ceq) for PARALLEL Capacitor Combinations: Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . . + Cn Total capacitance (Ceq) for SERIES Capacitor Combinations: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + . . . . . . + 1/Cn Parallel Plate Capacitor C = κ ε0   A  d where C = [Farad (F)] κ = dielectric constant A = Area of plate d = distance between the plate ε0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2) Cylindrical Capacitor C = 2 π κ ε0 L ln (b/a) where C = [Farad (F)] κ = dielectric constant L = length of cylinder [m] a = outer radius of conductor [m] b = inner radius of conductor [m] ε0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2) Spherical Capacitor C = 4 π κ ε0 a b b - a where C = [Farad (F)] κ = dielectric constant a = outer radius of conductor [m] b = inner radius of conductor [m] ε0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2) Magnetic force acting on a charge q moving with velocity v F = q v B sin θ where F = force acting on charge q (Newton) q = charge (C) v = velocity (m/sec2) B = magnetic field θ = angle between V (velocity) and B (magnetic field) Force on a wire in magnetic field (B) F = B I l sin θ where F = force acting on wire (Newton) I = Current (Ampere) l = length of wire (m) B = magnetic field θ = angle between I (current) and B (magnetic field) In an RC circuit (Resistor-Capacitor), the time constant (in seconds) is: τ = RC R = Resistance in Ω C = Capacitance in in farads. In an RL circuit (Resistor-inductor ), the time constant (in seconds) is: τ = L/R R = Resistance in Ω C = Inductance in henries Self inductance of a solenoid = L = μn2LA n = number of turns per unit length L = length of the solenoid. Mutual inductance of two solenoid two long thin solenoids, one wound on top of the other M = μ0N1N2LA N1 = total number of turns per unit length for first solenoid N2 = number of turns per unit length for second solenoid A = cross-sectional area L = length of the solenoid. Energy stored in capacitor E = 1 C V 2 2 Coulomb's Law Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. F = k (q1 . q2)/r2 where k is constant. k = 1/(4 π ε0) ≈ 9 x 109 N.m2/C2 q1 = charge on one body q2 = charge on the other body r = distance between them Calculator based upon Coulomb's Law Ohm's law V = IR where V = voltage I = current R = Resistence Electric Field around a point charge (q) E = k ( q/r2 ) where k is constant. k = 1/(4 π ε0) ≈ 9 x 109 N.m2/C2 q = point charge r = distance from point charge (q) Electric field due to thin infinite sheet E = σ 2 ε0 where E = Electric field (N/C) σ = charge per unit area C/m2 ε0 = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2 Electric field due to thick infinite sheet E = σ ε0 where E = Electric field (N/C) σ = charge per unit area C/m2 ε0 = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2 Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is greater than the radius of the wire. B = μ0 I 2 π r where I = current r = distance from wire and r ≥ Radius of the wire Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is less than the radius of the wire. B = μ0 I r 2 π R2 where I = current R = radius of wire r = distance from wire and r ≤ Radius of the wire (R) Magnetic Field At the center of an arc B = μ0 I φ 4 π r where I = current r = radius from the center of the wire Bohr's model L =  nh 2 π where L = angular momentum n = principal quantum number = 1,2,3,...n h = Planck's constant. Emitting Photons(Rydberg Formula) Ephoton = E0(  1  -  1  ) n12 n22 where n1 < n2 E0 = 13.6 eV Half life of radioactive element t1/2 =  ln(2) λ Average life of radioactive element τ =  1 λ